Summary of Northeast Asia geodynamics and tectonics ∗

The compilation, synthesis, description, and interpretation of regional geology and tectonics of major regions, such as Northeast Asia (Eastern Russia, Mongolia, Northern China, South Korea, and Japan) and the Circum-North Pacific (the Russian Far East, Alaska, and Canadian Cordillera), requires a complex methodology that includes: (1) definitions of key terms; (2) compilation of a regional geodynamics map that can be constructed according to modern tectonic concepts and definitions; and (3) formulation of a comprehensive tectonic model. This article presents a summary of the regional dynamics and tectonics of Northeast Asia as developed for a new summary geodynamics map of the region. This article also describes how a high-quality summary geodynamics map and companion tectonic analysis substantially aids in the understanding of the origin of major rock units, major structures, and contained mineral and fuel resources, and provides important guidelines for new research.


Introduction
This article presents an overview of the regional geodynamics and tectonics of Northeast Asia as presented in a new summary geodynamics map of the region, and also provides a general introduction for readers who are unfamiliar with Northeast Asia.For this analysis, the region of Correspondence to: A. V. Prokopiev (prokopiev@diamond.ysn.ru)Northeast Asia project area consists of Eastern Russia (Eastern Siberia and the Russian Far East), Mongolia, Northern China, the Korean Peninsula, Japan, and adjacent offshore areas (Fig. 1).
The summary of regional geodynamics and tectonics in this article is based upon publications of a major international collaborative study of the metallogenesis and tectonics of Northeast Asia and of the Circum-North Pacific, which were led by W. J. Nokleberg of the the US Geological Survey.Two broad types of publications have been produced by this collaboration.One type is a series of regional geologic, mineral deposit, and metallogenic belt maps and companion descriptions for the region (Greninger et al., 1999;Obolenskiy et al., 2003aObolenskiy et al., , b, 2004;;Parfenov et al., 2003Parfenov et al., , 2004a, b;, b;Nokleberg et al., 1994Nokleberg et al., , 1997aNokleberg et al., , b, c, 1998Nokleberg et al., , 2004;;Rodionov et al., 2004;and Naumova et al., 2006).The other type is a suite of metallogenic and tectonic analyses of these same regions (Nokleberg et al., 2000(Nokleberg et al., , 2005;;Rodionov et al., 2004).event; and (3) the understanding of the origins of major mineral and hydrocarbon deposits related to the formations and modification of tectonic collages.

M O N G O L I A C H I N
Definitions of other key terms for the analysis of regional geology and tectonics are provided in Table 1.These definitions are adapted from Howell et al. (1985), Jones et al. (1983), and Nokleberg et al. (2000Nokleberg et al. ( , 2005)).Geologic time scale units are according to the IUGS Global Stratigraphic Chart (Remane, 1998).For this study and in some of the cited publications, the term Riphean is used for the Mesoproterozoic to Middle Neoproterozoic (1600 to 650 Ma), and the term Vendian is used for Neoproterozoic III (650 to 540 Ma).

Island-arc terrane
Fragment of an igneous belt of plutonic rocks, coeval volcanic rocks, and associated sedimentary rocks that formed above an oceanic subduction zone.Inferred to possess a simatic basement.

Metamorphic terrane
Fragment of a highly metamorphosed or deformed assemblage of sedimentary, volcanic, or plutonic rocks that cannot be assigned to a single tectonic environment because the original stratigraphy and structure are obscured.Includes intensely deformed structural melanges that contain intensely deformed fragments of two or more terranes.
Oceanic crust, Fragment of part or all of a suite of deep-marine sedimentary rocks, pillow basalt, gabbro, and ultramafic rocks (former eugeoclinal seamount, and eugeoclinal suite) that are interpreted as oceanic sedimentary and volcanic rocks and the upper mantle.Includes both inferred ophiolite terrane offshore oceanic and marginal ocean basin rocks, minor volcaniclastic rocks of magmatic-arc derivation, and major marine volcanic accumulations formed at a hotspot, fracture zone, or spreading axis.
Overlap assemblage A postaccretion unit of sedimentary or igneous rocks deposited on, or intruded into, two or more adjacent terranes.
Subduction zone terrane Fragment of a mildly to intensely deformed complex consisting of varying amounts of turbidite deposits, continental-margin rocks, oceanic crust and overlying units, and oceanic mantle.Units are interpreted to have formed during tectonic juxtaposition in a zone of major thrusting of one lithosphere plate beneath another, generally in zones of thrusting along the margin of a continent or an island arc.May include large fault-bounded fragments with a coherent .stratigraphy Many subduction-zone terranes contain fragments of oceanic crust and associated rocks that exhibit a complex structural history, occur in a major thrust zone, and possess blueschist-facies metamorphism.

Superterrane
A series of amalgamated terranes and/or a rifted fragment of a craton and (or) craton margin which exhibits a long and complicated geologic history.May contain overlap island arc complexes and tectonically-linked subduction zones.
Tectonic collage A series of linear island arcs or continental margin arcs and tectonically-linked (companion) subduction zones, and (or) fore-arc and back-arc basins that formed in a major tectonic event during a relatively narrow geologic time span.The collages of igneous arcs and companion subduction zone terranes have been successively accreted to the margins of major cratons.The ages of collages with subduction zone units are for time of active formation of an accretionary wedge in a subduction zone, rather than the older range of units that comprise the accretionary wedge.A few collages consist of fragments of craton margin and cratonal terranes that were amalgamated before accretion to a continent.

Tectonic linkage
A genetic relation of a continental margin arc or an island arc with a companion accretionary wedge that formed in a subduction zone that was adjacent to, and was underthrusting the arc.

Tectonostratigraphic
An aggregate of terranes that is interpreted to share either a similar stratigraphic kindred or affinity, or a common geologic history after terrane (terrane) accretion (Jones and others, 1983;Howell and others, 1985).An approximate synonym is composite terrane (Plafker and Berg, 1994).

Terrane
A fault-bounded geologic entity or fragment that is characterized by a distinctive geologic history that differs markedly from that of adjacent terranes (Jones and others, 1983;Howell and others, 1985).

Turbidite terrane
Fragment of a basin filled with deep-marine clastic deposits in either an orogenic forearc or back-arc setting.May include continental-slope and continental-rise turbidite deposits, and submarine-fan turbidite deposits deposited on oceanic crust.May include minor epiclastic and volcaniclastic deposits.12) metamorphic.For terranes with complex geologic and tectonic histories, the chosen tectonic environment is the one that was the most prevalent during the history of the terrane.
The reader should refer to the associated citations for more detailed descriptions of these terranes with complex histories.
3 Compilation of regional geodynamics map A regional geodynamics map was initially compiled at a scale of 1:5 000 000 (Nokleberg et al., 1997b, c;Parfenov et al., 2003Parfenov et al., , 2004a, b), b).However, in order to display major features of host rock geology and structures and major belts of mineral and hydrocarbon resources a page-size illustration, a summary regional geodynamics map (Fig. 2) was constructed at a scale of about 1:34 000 000 in order to display: (1) the regional surface extent of major geologic units (cratons, craton margins, tectonic collages of island arc, continental-margin arc, accretionary wedge, and passive continental margin terranes, volcanic and plutonic igneous arcs); (2) major fault and rift systems; and (3) active subduction zones.A list of major host-rock geologic units in the explanation and a description of major geologic units for the map is provided in Appendix A. The tectonic interpretations for the summary map are derived from the major publications of the collaborative international studies on Northeast Asia and the Circum-North Pacific (listed above).

Methodology of regional geologic and tectonic analysis
The methodology employed for synthesizing the summary geodynamics map consisted of: (1) correlation of major geologic units; (2) tectonic linking (pairing) of major geologic units; and (3) alignment of coeval arc and tectonicallylinked subduction zones into curvilinear complexes.A similar methodology was utilized for a synthesis of the Circum-North Pacific (Nokleberg et al., 2000).Initially, correlations are attempted for major geologic units which are interpreted as having been originally contiguous but were subsequently tectonically displaced during rifting, major thrusting, or along strike-slip faults.Correlations are attempted for all regional units (cratons, craton margins, terranes, and overlap assemblages) that are understood to have the same tectonic origin, (i.e., as parts of a single elongate passive continental margin, continental-margin arc, island arc, or subduction zone) at the same geologic time and originally on strike with each other.This correlation of major geologic units also illustrates the original continuity of rock units, provides important constraints on the past tectonics of the region, and provides a series of interpretations to be further evaluated by additional stratigraphic, geochemical, isotopic, paleomagnetic, and geophysical studies.
Following this step, tectonic linking (pairing) was based on pairing of: (1) subduction-related igneous arcs, now preserved as various igneous-arc terranes or overlap assemblages, with former subduction zones, now preserved as subduction-zone terranes; (2) belts of anatectic-related igneous rocks and major faults (sutures) that bound the collisional margins of terranes with each other or terranes with a craton margin; and (3) belts of igneous rocks that are coeval with, and occur along major transpressional fault zones.
The first type of tectonic linking can be based on: (1) recognizing an original physical proximity between an arc and subduction zone; (2) determining the similarity in age of formation of an igneous-arc and subduction-zone terrane, (3) determining a subduction polarity from tectonic transport direction in a melange for subduction-zone terranes, where not disrupted by later deformation, and (4) recognizing the occurrence of disrupted layers of arc-derived volcanic or volcaniclastic units from a specific igneous arc in the melange of the linked subduction zone terrane.
A second type of tectonic linking is based on the spatial and temporal association of collisional (S-type) granitic plutons and associated volcanic rocks with: (1) major fault zones (sutures) between terranes or between a terrane and a craton margin; and (or) (2) belts of highly deformed, regional-grade metamorphic rocks that occur along the fault zones.Collision-related igneous belts are understood as forming either during accretion of one terrane to another or during the accretion of one or more terranes to a craton margin.
A third type of tectonic linking is based on the spatial and temporal association of mainly intermediate and silicic igneous belts that are coeval with, and intrude along major transpressional fault zones.
Following these steps, terranes and overlap assemblages are grouped into larger entities that are understood to have been continuous, coeval igneous arcs and companion subduction-zones.This grouping of units is based, to varying degrees, on: (1) similar stratigraphy, fauna, rock-unit age, and structure; (2) paleomagnetic data, to a lesser degree; and (3) an assumption of simplicity.The result of these groupings is the alignment of coeval igneous-arc overlap assemblages and igneous-arc terranes, and tectonically-linked (companion) subduction-zone terranes into coeval, curvilinear arc-subduction-zone complexes.

Summary of regional geology and tectonics of Northeast Asia
The major regional geologic and tectonic units of Northeast Asia are cratons, craton margins; cratonal terranes and superterranes; tectonic collages; overlap and transform continental-margin arcs; island arcs, and sea and ocean units (Fig. 2).Detailed descriptions of geologic units are presented by Nokleberg et al. (2000) and Parfenov et al. (2004b).Abbreviations in parentheses in the following list of geologic units refer to units on the summary geodynamics map (Fig. 2).More detailed descriptions of map units are given in Appendix A. Two geologic ages are staged for each collage, one for the age of formation of the units in a collage, such, and another age for the time of accretion (formation) of the collage to another terrane, superterrane, or continent.

Major cratons and craton margins
The backstop or core units for the region of Northeast Asia are the Archean and Proterozoic North Asia Craton and Sino-Korean Craton and their Craton Margins (Baikal-Patom, Angara, South Taimyr, and Verkhoyansk (North Asian)).
The North Asian Craton (NAC) consists of Archean and Proterozoic metamorphic basement, and non-deformed, flatlaying platform cover consisting of Late Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic rock.
The Sino-Korean Craton (SKC) consists of several major Archean and Proterozoic metamorphic basement terranes and younger Paleozoic through Cenozoic overlap units.
The Baikal-Patom Craton Margin (BP) consists of a faultbounded basin containing Riphean carbonate and terrigenous sedimentary rock, and younger Vendian and Cambrian sedimentary rock that discordantly overly a fragment of the pre-Riphean basement of the North Asian Craton.
The East Angara Craton Margin (EA) consists of Late Riphean terrigenous-carbonate sedimentary rock (sandstone, siltstone, mudstone with interlayered dolomite and limestone) that overlie a fragment of the North Asia Craton.
The South Taimyr Craton Margin (ST) consists chiefly of a thick wedge of Ordovician to Jurassic craton margin deposits and deep basin deposits.
The Verkhoyansk (North Asian) Craton Margin (VR) consists chiefly of a thick wedge of Devonian to Jurassic miogeoclinal deposits.

Cratonal terranes and superterranes
Three cratonal terranes occur along the margins of the North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons and are understood as rifted and reaccreted fragments of these cratons, in contrast to exotic terranes which are understood to be far travelled.The cratonal terranes are as follows.(1) The Okhotsk terrane (OH) terrane consists of Archean and Proterozoic gneiss and schist and Early and Middle Paleozoic miogeoclinal sedimentary rock.The terrane is considered to be a fragment of the North Asian Craton and Margin that was rifted in the Late Devonian or Early Carboniferous.(2) The Gyenggi-Yeongnam terrane (GY) consists of two major Archean and Proterozoic basement rock terranes.The terrane is considered to be a displaced fragment of the Sino-Korean Craton.
(3) The last of these terranes is the Jiaonan cratonal terrane (JA) which consists of a Paleoproterozoic major high pressure terrane that is interpreted as a displaced fragment of the Sino-Korean Craton.
Six superterranes occur along the margins of the North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons.Some of the superterranes are considered to be rifted and reaccreted fragments of the cratons whereas others are understtod to having formed elsewhere.
The Proterozoic to Cambrian Argun-Idermeg superterrane (AR) consists of the Paleoproterozoic to Late Paleozoic Argunsky, Idermeg, and West Stanovoy metamorphosed passive continental-margin terranes.The superterrane may be either exotic with respect to the North Asian Craton or may be a rifted fragment of the craton.
The Late Riphean and older Tuva-Mongolia superterrane (TM) consists of a series of Archean and Paleoproterozoic cratonal terranes (Gargan and Baydrag), the Snagilen passive continental-margin terrane, and the Muya metamorphic terrane.These terranes are understood to have accreted together to form the rear or back arc part of the Baikal-Myra island arc described below.
The Proterozoic to Permian Bureya-Jiamusi supterterrane (BJ) consists of a collage of Early Paleozoic metamorphic, continental-margin arc, subduction zone, passive continental-margin and island arc terranes.The superterrane is considered to be a fragment of Gondwana that was accreted to the Sino-Korean Craton in the Late Permian and accreted to the North Asian Craton in the Late Jurassic during final closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.
The Proterozoic to Ordovician Kara superterrane (KR) consists of the Late Neoproterozoic to Ordovician Kara continental-margin turbidite terrane.The superterrane is understood to be a rift fragment of the North Asian Craton that was reaccreted in the Jurassic.
The Archean to Jurassic Kolyma-Omolon superterrane (KOM) consists of a tectonic collage of cratonal, passive continental margin, island arc, ophiolite terranes.The cratonal and passive continental core of the superterrane was rifted from the North Asian Craton and Margin in Late Devonian or Early Carboniferous.After subsequent building of overlying island arcs, the superterrane was reaccreted to the North Asian Craton Margin in the Late Jurassic with formation of the collisional granites of the Main and Northern granite belts.

Tectonic collages between North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons
Between the North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons are a series of accreted tectonic collages composed primarily of Paleozoic island arcs and tectonically-linked subduction zones.These tectonic collages were accreted successively from north to south during successive closures of the Paleo-Asian, Solon, and Mongol-Okhotsk Oceans.Most of the tectonic collages contain one or more island arcs and tectonicallylinked subduction zones.Because of successive terrane accretions from north to south, the ages of collages generally young from north to south.However, this pattern is locally interrupted because some collages or parts of collages were interspersed because of subsequent strike-slip faulting.
The tectonic collages between the North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons are as follows.
(1) The Circum-Siberia collage (CS) (Paleoproterozoic and Mesoproterozoic age and accreted in Neoproterozoic) consists of the Baikal-Muya island arc, the Near Yenisey Ridge island arc, and the Zavhan continental-margin arc, all of Neoproterozoic age, and small fragments of cratonal and metamorphic terranes of Archean and Proterozoic age.The three separate Neoproterozoic island arc systems formed south (present-day coordinates) of the North Asian Craton and Margin.
(2) The Yenisey-Transbaikal collage (YT) (Vendian to Devonian age and accreted in Vendian to Early Ordovician) consists of the Vendian to Middle Cambrian Kuznetsk-Tannuola, Dzhida-Lake island arc terranes, tectonically-linked backarc basins, and now tectonically-eroded subduction zone terranes.The collage contains a linear array of island arc systems that formed south (present-day coordinates) of the North Asian Craton and Margin and previously accreted terranes.
(3) The Altai collage (AL) (Vendian to Ordovician age and accreted in Late Silurian) consists of the Vendian to Early Ordovician Salair island arc and various fragments of arcrelated turbidite terranes, subduction zone terranes, metamorphic terranes derived from arc-related units, thick Cambrian and Ordovician overlap turbidite units that formed on a continental slope and rise, and fragments of originallyadjacent oceanic terranes.The collage is an island arc system that was active near the southwest margin (present-day coordinates) of the North Asian Craton and Margin and previously-accreted terranes.
(4) The Wundurmiao collage (WD) (Mesoproterozoic to Silurian age and accreted in Late Silurian) consists of the Late Ordovician to Silurian Laoling island arc terrane, the Mesoproterozoic to Middle Ordovician Wundurmiao subduction zone terrane, and the Neoproterozoic Seluohe subduction zone terrane.The collage contains the Laoling island arc system which formed near the Sino-Korean Craton.Both the island arc system and craton were widely separated from North Asian Craton in the Early Paleozoic.
(5) The Atasbogd collage (AB) (Ordovician to Permian age and accreted in Late Carboniferous or Early Permian) consists of: the Ordovician to Permian Waizunger-Baaran terrane, the Devonian to Carboniferous Beitianshan-Atasbogd terrane, and the Paleoproterozoic to Permian Tsagaan Uul-Guoershan continental-margin arc terrane.The collage was a southwest continuation (present-day coordinates) of the South Mongolia-Khingan island arc that formed southwest and west (present-day coordinates) of the North Asian Craton and Margin and previously accreted terranes.The Atasbogd collage was initially separated from the North Asian Craton by a large back-arc basin.
(6) The South Mongolia-Khingan collage (SM) (Ordovician to Carboniferous age and accreted in Late Carboniferous or Early Permian) consists of the South Mongolia-Khingan arc and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes.The collage was a major island-arc system that formed southwest and west (present-day coordinates) of the North Asian Craton and Margin and previously accreted terranes.The collage was separated from the North Asian Craton by a large backarc basin.
(7) The West Siberian collage (WS) (Ordovician to Carboniferous age and accreted in Late Carboniferous or Early Permian) consists of the Late Silurian to Early Carboniferous Rudny Altai island arc, and the tectonically-linked Ordovician to Early Carboniferous Kalba-Narim subduction zone terrane.The collage is a northwest continuation (present-day coordinates) of the South Mongolia-Khingan collage.
(8) The Mongol-Okhotsk collage (MO) (Devonian to Late Jurassic age and accreted in Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic) consists mainly of the Permian to Jurassic Selenga, Late Carboniferous and Early Permian Hangay, and Uda-Murgal and Stanovoy continental-margin arcs.These arcs are composed of continental-margin igneous overlap assemblages, continental-margin turbidite terranes, and tectonically-linked, outboard subduction zone terranes.The arcs overlap the southern margin of the North Asian Craton and Margin, and previously-accreted terranes.The collage formed during long-lived closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean with oblique subduction of terranes beneath of southern North Asian Craton Margin and previously-accreted terranes.
(9) The Solon collage (SL) (Carboniferous to Permian age and accreted in Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic) consists of several subduction zone terranes: (1) Carboniferous and Early Permian North Margin terrane; (2) Late Carboniferous to Permian Solon terrane; (3) Devonian Imjingang terrane; (4) Paleozoic Ogcheon terrane; and (5) Silurian through Permian Sangun-Hidagaien-Kurosegawa terrane.Parts of the collage were fragments of the Solon Ocean plate that were subducted to form the South Mongolian, Lugyngol, Gobi-Khankaisk-Daxing'anling, and Jihei continental-margin arcs.Other parts of the collage are fragments of the Solon Ocean plate that were subducted to form the North Margin continental-margin arc on the Sino-Korean Craton.

Tectonic collages east of North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons
To the east of the North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons are a series of tectonic collages that were successively accreted from west to east (older to younger) during closures of parts of the Ancestral Pacific and modern Pacific Oceans, and older oceans in the region.Because of successive accretions from west to east, the ages of collages generally young from west to east.However, this pattern is locally disrupted because some collages have been tectonically disrupted and interspersed by subsequent strike-slip faulting Except for the Verkhoyansk-Kolyma and Chukotka collages, the other tectonic collages contain one or more island arcs or continental-margin arcs and tectonically-linked subduction zones.The tectonic collages that occur east of the North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons are the following.
(1) The Verkhoyansk-Kolyma collage (VK) (Late Paleozoic to Early Jurassic age and accreted in Late Jurassic to Early Early Cretaceous) consists of a deformed passive continental margin, accreted ophiolites, and subduction zone and formed during accretion of the outboard Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.
(2) The Chukotka collage (CH) (Paleozoic to Triassic age and accreted in Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) consists of passive continental-margin terranes that formed along the long-lived Neoproterozoic to Early Mesozoic North American Continental Margin.After subsequent rifting of the North American Craton Margin in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous and translation, the collage was accreted to the northern Verkhoyansk-Kolyma collage in the Late Cretaceous.
(3) The South Anyui collage (SA) (Permian to Early Jurassic age and accreted in Late Cretaceous) consists of the Oloy island arc and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes.
(4) The Penzhina-Anadyr collage (PA) (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age and accreted in Late Cretaceous) consists of the Murgal island arc terrane and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes to the east.The collage rims the eastern Kolyma-Omolon superterrane and Verkhoyansk-Kolyma collage.The collage is also linked to the Uda continental-margin arc.
(5) The Badzhal collage (BD) (Triassic to Early Cretaceous age and accreted in Late Cretaceous) consists of the Umlekan continental-margin arc and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes to the east with Tethyan fauna.
(7) The Koryak collage (KOR) (Late Triassic to Cretaceous age and accreted in Late Cretaceous) consists of the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Manitskiy island arc and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes to the east.
(8) The Sakhalin-Hokkaido collage (SK) (Cretaceous age and accreted in Eocene) consists of the Late Cretaceous flysch terranes of Sakhalin and Hokkaido Islands, and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes to the east.The collage formed a continental-margin fore-arc basin and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes that are associated with the East Sikhote-Alin continental-margin arc.
(9) The West Kamchatka collage (WK) (Mid-Cretaceous to Early Tertiary age and accreted in Early Cenozoic) consists of Late Paleozoic to Cretaceous subduction zone terranes in the Russian Northeast.The collage was tectonically linked to Okhotsk-Chukotka continental-margin arc.
(10) The East Sakhalin collage (ES) (Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary age and accreted in Early Tertiary) consists of the Late Cretaceous to Middle Eocene Terpeniy-Tokoro-Nemuro-Shmidt island arc and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes.
(11) The Olyutorka-Kamchatka collage (OK) (Late Cretaceous and Paleocene age and accreted in Early Cenozoic) consists of the Olyutorka island arc and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes to the east.
(12) The East Kamchatka Peninsula collage (EP) (mainly Paleocene age and accreted in Pliocene) consists of the Kronotskiy island arc and associated ophiolite.

Carboniferous and Permian overlap continentalmargin arcs occurring south of North Asia Craton and on Sino-Korean Craton
Several major overlap continental-margin arcs occur only on previously-accreted terranes south of the North Asian Craton and on the Sino-Korean Craton.These arcs are related to subduction of the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic Solon Ocean plate beneath the North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons.This ocean occurred (in present-day geographic coordinates) between the Argun-Idermeg superterrane to the north and the Sino-Korean Craton to the south.The arcs are described progressing from older to younger.
(1) The Altay arc (at) (Devonian and Early Carboniferous) occurs on the Altay and Yenisey-Transbaikal collages.The arc formed along an active continental margin in an oblique subduction zone environment.
(2) The Gobi-Khankaisk-Daxing'anling arc (gh) (Permian) occurs on the Argun-Idermeg superterrane, South Mongolian collage, and Solon collage.The arc formed during subduction of the northern part of Solon Ocean plate under the southern margin (present-day coordinates) of the Argun-Idermeg superterrane.
(3) The South Mongolian arc (sm) (Middle Carboniferous through Triassic) overlies and intrudes the South Mongolian collage and Atasbogd collage.The arc formed during subduction of the northern part of Solon Ocean plate under the Argun-Idermeg superterrane.
(4) The Lugyngol arc (lg) (Permian) occurs on the South Mongolian and Solon collages.The arc is formed during subduction of the northern part of Solon Ocean plate under the southern margin (present-day coordinates) of the Argun-Idermeg superterrane.
(5) The Jihei arc (ji) (Permian) occurs on the South Mongolia-Khingan collage.The arc intrudes the Bureya-Jiamusi superterrane and South Mongolia-Khingan collage and formed during subduction of the northern part of Solon Ocean plate under the southern margin (present-day coordinates) of the Bureya-Jiamusi supterterrane and adjacent units.
(6) The North Margin arc (nm) (Late Carboniferous to Permian) occurs on the northeastern margin (present-day coordinates) of Sino-Korean Craton.The arc formed during subduction of the southern part of Solon Ocean plate under the northeastern margin (present-day coordinates) of Sino-Korean Craton.

Devonian to Early Cretaceous overlap continentalmargin arcs occurring along Southeastern Margin of the North Asian Craton and adjacent accreted terranes
Several major overlap continental-margin arcs occur along the southeastern margin of the North Asian Craton or on adjacent accreted terranes.The arcs are related to subduction of the Late Paleozoic and early Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean plate beneath the North Asian Craton and Margin.This ocean occurred between the North Asian Craton to the north and the Argun-Idermeg superterrane to the south (present-day coordinates).
(2) The Hangay arc (ha) (Late Carboniferous to Early Permian) occurs on the Yenisey-Transbaikal collage and Mongol-Okhotsk collage.The arc formed during subduction of the northern part of Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean plate under the North Asian Craton Margin and previously-accreted terranes.
(3) The Selenga arc (se) (Permian to Jurassic) overlies and intrudes the Yenisey-Transbaikal collage and Tuva-Mongolia superterrane.The arc formed during oblique subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean plate under the North Asian Craton Margin and previously-accreted terranes.
(4) The Uda-Murgal and Stanovoy arcs (us) (Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) occur on the southern margin of the North Asian Craton.The arcs formed during final stage of subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean plate.

Jurassic and Early Cretaceous overlap island arcs occurring on or adjacent to Kolyma-Omolon superterrane
The major overlap island arcs occurring on the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane are the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Uyandina-Yasachnaya island arc and the Late Jurassic Oloy island arc.
(1) The Uyandina-Yasachnaya arc (uy) (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) occurs along the margin of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.The arc formed during subduction of the Oimyakon Ocean plate between the North Asian Craton Margin and the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.Remnants of the Oimyakon oceanic crust are preserved in small obducted ophiolites along the western margin of superterrane.This ocean occurred between the Verkhoyansk (North Asian) Craton Margin to the southwest and the Kolyma-Omolon to the northeast (present-day coordinates).
(2) The Oloy arc (ol) (Late Jurassic) occurs along the margin of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.The arc formed on the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane during subduction of the South Anyui Ocean plate beneath the superterrane to form the South Anyui subduction-zone terrane.This ocean formed north of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane (present-day coordinates).

Jurassic through Early Tertiary overlap continental-margin arcs and granite belts occurring along eastern margin of Northern Asia
A series of Jurassic through Early Tertiary overlap continental-margin arcs and granite belts occur along the eastern margin of the North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons and outboard accreted terranes to the east.From older to younger, the arcs and belts are as follows.
(1) The Umlekan-Ogodzhin arc (uo) (Jurassic and Cretaceous) occurs along the margin of the Kolyma-Omkolon superterrane.The arc formed during subduction of the Ancestral Pacific Ocean plate to form the Badzhal and Nadanhada terranes in the Badzhal collage.
(2) The South Verkhoyansk Granite Belt (sv) (Late Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous) occurs in the Central Russian Far East.The belt extends longitudinally along the central part of the South Verkhoyansk synclinorium in the Verkoyansk (North Asian) Craton Margin.The belt formed during the accretion of the outboard Okhotsk terrane.
(3) The Main Granite Belt (ma) (Late Jurassic) occurs along the adjacent margins of the North Asian Craton Margin and Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.The belt formed during and immediately after the collision of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane with the North-Asian Craton Margin.
(4) The Transverse Granite Belt (tr) (Early Cretaceous) radiates outwards from the southwestern bend of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.The belt formed during the late stage of accretion of Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.
(5) The Northern Granite Belt (nb) (Early Cretaceous, 138 to 120 Ma) occurs along northwestern margin of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.The belt formed during the subduction of oceanic crust during a closure of a small oceanic basin during late stage of accretion of Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.
(6) The Khingan-Okhotsk arc (ko) (Early and Mid-Cretaceous) occurs in the Russian Southeast and consists of the Khingan-Okhotsk volcanic-plutonic belt.The arc was tectonically paired to the Early Cretaceous Zhuravlevsk-Amur River and Kiselevka-Manoma subduction-zone terranes that are both part of the Honshu-Sikhote-Alin collage.
(7) The Okhotsk-Chukotka arc (oc) (Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary) occurs along the eastern margin of the Central and Northern Russian Far East.The arc formed during subduction of the Ancestral Pacific Ocean plate and formation of the West Kamchatka, Ekonay, and Yanranay subduction zone terranes.
(8) The East Sikhote-Alin arc (ea) (Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary) occurs along the margin of the Southern Russian Far East.The arc formed during subduction of the Ancestral Pacific Ocean plate with formation of the older part of the Hidaka subduction zone, the younger part of the Aniva subduction-zone terrane, and the Nabilsky, and Tokoro subduction-zone terranes.

Active overlap continental-margin arcs occurring along eastern margin of Northern Asia
Three active overlap continental-margin arcs occur along the eastern margin of the North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons and outboard accreted terranes to the east.
(1) The Izu-Bonin arc (ib) (Miocene through Present) occurs south of Southern Japan and consists of a volcanic arc composed chiefly of basalt to rhyolite, associated volcaniclastic rock, and intercalated hemipelagic mudstone.The arc is formed during subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate with formation of the Nankai subduction zone.(2) The Japan arc (ja) (Miocene through Present) occurs along the Japanese Islands and consists of extensive Quaternary volcanic and associated rock.The arc is formed during subduction of the Pacific Ocean and Philippine Sea Plates with formation of the Japan Trench and Nankai subduction zones.
(3) The Kuril-Kamchatka arc (kk) (Miocene through Present) occurs along Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands and consists of the Pliocene to Quaternary Central Kamchatka volcanic belt, Central Kamchatka volcanic and sedimentary basin, and the East Kamchatka volcanic belt.The arc is formed during subduction of the Pacific Ocean Plate and formation of the Japan Trench subduction zone.

Transpressional arcs (Devonian through Cretaceous)
Three major transpressional arcs occur along the margins of the North Asian Craton and previously accreted terranes to the south.The arc formations are associated with strike-slip faulting that is sometimes associated with local compression and extension.
(1) The South Siberian arc (ss) (Early Devonian) occurs in Southern Siberia.The arc is formed along the southern margin of the North Asian Craton and Craton Margin during Early Devonian rifting that successively evolved into a continental-margin transform margin and subsequently into a convergent margin.
(2) The Mongol-Transbaikal arc (mt) (Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous) occurs in Northern Mongolia and Southern Siberia.The arc is formed during strike-slip faulting and rifting along the Mongol-Okhotsk fault during and after the final closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.
(3) The Trans-Baikal-Daxinganling arc (tr) (Middle Jurassic through Early Cretaceous) occurs in Southern Siberia, Mongolia, Northeastern China.The arc formed during strike-slip faulting and rifting along the Mongol-Okhotsk fault during, and after the final closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.

Conclusions
Compiled with the methodology described herein, the Northeast Asia summary geodynamics map (Fig. 2) illustrates the power of a regional map and provides an example for future regional studies of large parts of the earth's continental crust.This map greatly benefits the interpretation of origins of major rock units, major structures, and mineral and hydrocarbon resources, and provides important guidelines for new research.

A3 Craton margins
BP -Baikal-Patom Craton Margin (Riphean to Cambrian and older basement).Consists of a fault-bounded basin containing Riphean carbonate and terrigenous sedimentary rock, and Younger Vendian and Cambrian sedimentary rock that discordantly overly a fragment of pre-Riphean basement of the North Asian Craton.Local detritus suggests derivation from ophiolite and island arc complexes of the Bakal-Muya terrane during accretion to the craton.Local greenschist and amphibolite facies regional metamorphism with isotopic ages of about 800 Ma.
EA -East Angara Craton Margin (Riphean and older basement).Consists of Late Riphean terrigenous-carbonate sedimentary rock (sandstone, siltstone, mudstone with interlayered dolomite and limestone) that overlie a fragment of the North Asia Craton.Metamorphosed up to greenschist facies.Unconformably overlapped by Late Riphean and Vendian molasse and Vendian and Cambrian dolomite and limestone.
ST -South Taimyr Craton Margin (Ordovician to Jurassic).Consists chiefly of a thick wedge of craton margin deposits and deep basin deposits ranging up to 20 000 m thick.Composed chiefly of Ordovician to Jurassic clastic rock, shallow-marine terrigenous and carbonate rock, and mafic volcanic and volcaniclastic rock.Late Carboniferous and Permian sedimentary rocks contain extensive sills and dikes of the Early Triassic trap subalkaline and alkaline diabase.The terrane is tectonically detached from the crystalline basement of the North Asian Craton but was subsequently accreted back onto the craton.
VR -Verkhoyansk (North Asian) Craton Margin (Devonian to Jurassic).Consists chiefly of a thick wedge of cratonal margin deposits ranging up to 20 000 m thick.Major units are Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, and Early and Middle Jurassic clastic rock, and marine-littoral, deltaic, and shelf sedimentary rock deposited on the Verkhoyansk passive continental margin of the North Asian Craton.Major units grade successively eastward into turbidite deposits and deep-water black shale.Also occurring are: (1) local Middle to Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous, rift-related deposits similar to those on the Siberian Platform; and (2) local Early Triassic and Early Jurassic alkalic basalt flows, dikes, and sills.Northern and southern parts of craton margin contain thick, Neoproterozoic and Early Paleozoic shallowmarine carbonate and clastic deposits that are finer-grained and thicker to east.The terrane is tectonically detached from the passive continental margin and crystalline basement of the North Asian Craton.

A4 Cratonal terranes
GY -Gyenggi-Yeongnam cratonal terrane (Archean and Proterozoic).Consists of two major terranes: (1) Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic and older Gyenggi granuliteparagneiss terrane in Southern Korean Peninsula; and (2) Late Archean to Paleoproterozoic Yeongnam granuliteparagneiss terrane in Southern Korean Peninsula.Locally overlain by extensive Paleozoic continental margin sedimentary rock and lesser volcanic rock; and extensive Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine and terriginous sedimentary rock units, and volcanic and plutonic arc units.The terrane is interpreted as a displaced fragment of the Sino-Korean Craton.
JA -Jiaonan cratonal terrane (Proterozoic).Consists of a Paleoproterozoic major high pressure terrane that is a displaced fragment of the South China (Yangtzi) Craton.Locally overlain by extensive Paleozoic continental margin sedimentary rock and lesser volcanic rock, extensive Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine and terriginous sedimentary rock units, and volcanic and plutonic arc units.
OH -Okhotsk cratonal terrane (Archean, Proterozoic, and Early and Middle Paleozoic).Consists chiefly of large blocks of Archean to Paleoproterozoic gneiss and schist with a U-Pb zircon age of 3.7 Ga.Overlain by: ( 1 The superterrane is interpreted as a fragment of Gondwana that was accreted to the Sino-Korean Craton in the Late Permian and accreted to the North Asian Craton in the Late Jurassic during closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk ocean.The superterrane may be a fragment of the Yenisey-Transbaikal orogenic belt that also contains Early Paleozoic granulite facies metamorphism and Cambrian and Ordovician granitoids. KR -Kara superterrane (Proterozoic to Ordovician; Timing of accretion -Early Paleozoic(?).Consists of a Late Neoproterozoic to Ordovician Kara continental-margin turbidite terrane (KR) (northern part of Taimyr Peninsula).The terrane contains mainly Late Riphean turbidite units metamorphosed up to amphibolite facies.Uppermost turbidites contain Cambrian and Early Ordovician fauna.Turbidites are unconformably overlain by Ordovician-Devonian littoral-marine and continental sedimentary rock.The superterrane accreted to the North Asian Craton (with genesis of) generating Middle Permian two-mica and biotite-amphibole granite and granodiorite (with U-Pb, Rb-Sr, and incremental Argon isotopic ages of 264 to 252 Ma).Granitoids comprise an extensive belt that obliquely cuts the superterrane and the margin of the Late Riphean Circum-Siberian collage.The superterrane is interpreted as a rifted fragment of the North Asian Craton that was reaccreted in the Jurassic.

A6 Tectonic collages accreted between North Asian and Sino-Korean Cratons (Proterozoic to Early Mesozoic accretions
AB -Atasbogd collage (Ordovician to Permian; Timing of accretion -Late Carboniferous or Early Permian).Consists of: (1) Ordovician to Permian Waizunger-Baaran terrane; (2) Devonian to Carboniferous Beitianshan-Atasbogd terrane; and (3) Paleoproterozoic to Permian Tsagaan Uul-Guoershan continental-margin arc terrane; The collage is a southwest continuation (present-day geographic coordinates) of the South Mongolia-Khingan island arc.Units in the collage are unconformably overlain by Permian volcanogenic and coal-bearing units.The collages comprising the arcs were accreted to the southern margin of the Siberian continent in the Late Carboniferous or Early Permian (320 to 300 Ma).AL -Altai collage (Vendian to Ordovician; Timing of accretion -Late Silurian).Consists of Vendian to Early Ordovician Salair island arc and various fragments of arcrelated turbidite, and subduction zone terranes, metamorphic terranes derived from arc-related units, and thick Cambrian and Ordovician overlap turbidite units formed on continental slope and rise, and fragments of originally-adjacent oceanic terranes are the major units in the collage.The collage is an island arc system that lay near the southwest margin (present-day coordinates) of the North Asian Craton and Margin and previously-accreted terranes.These units occur in the Gorny Altai, West Sayan, Central and Northwestern Mongolia, and adjacent regions of Northern China.
The Salair island arc (Vendian-Early Ordovician) is preserved in various fragments in Southwestern Siberia in the: (1) Early Cambrian to Early Ordovician Salair island arc terrane; (2) the Cambrian Ulus-Cherga island arc terrane; and (3) Early and Middle Cambrian Sugash terrane.The tectonically-linked subduction zone and oceanic crust units are the: (1) Vendian and Early Cambrian Alambai subduction zone terrane; and (2) Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Baratal subduction zone terrane.
The arc is also preserved in various fragments in the following metamorphic (arc-related) terranes: Middle Silurian and older Angurep terrane; Late Permian and older Belokurikha terrane; and Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic Qinghe-Tsel terrane.
The arc is also preserved in various fragments of the following continental-margin turbidite terranes: Early to Late Paleozoic Anui-Chuya terrane; Precambrian and Cambrian to Devonian Altai terrane; Cambrian to Devonian Charysh terrane; Late Neoproterozoic to Devonian West Sayan terrane; and Neoproterozoic through Silurian Hovd terrane.
The arc is tectonically linked to various fragments in the following subduction zone terranes: Early Paleozoic or older Kaitanak terrane; Middle Devonian or older Maralikha terrane; Late Neoproterozoic through Early Cambrian Terekta terrane; and Late Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian Baratal terrane.
The arc is also tectonically linked to various fragments of the following oceanic terranes: Late Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian Mogen-Buren terrane; Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician Zasurin terrane; and Late Neoproterozoic and Early Cambrian Saratan terrane.
The timing of the accretion of the collage to the Siberian continent is constrained by an angular unconformity at the base of the Upper Silurian or Devonian units and by orogenic granitoid magmatism of Early Devonian or older (pre-Emsian) age (about 435-415 Ma).
CS -Circum-Siberia collage (Proterozoic; Timing of accretion -Neoproterozoic).The collage consists of the Baikal-Muya island arc, the Near Yenisey Ridge island arc, the Zavhan continental-margin arc, Central and West Angara passive continental-margin terranes, all of Neoproterozoic age, and small fragments of cratonal and metamorphic terranes of Archean and Proterozoic age.The collage consists of three separate Neoproterozoic island arc systems that formed south (present-day geographic coordinates) of the North Asian Craton and Margin and previously accreted terranes.The collage is unconformably overlain by Vendian and Cambrian sedimentary rock units, similar to coeval rocks of the Siberian platform, but much thicker and containing more marine units.Accretion of the collage to the North Asian Craton and Craton Margin occurred in the Late Neoproterozoic.
Various subduction zone terranes were derived from underthrusting of the southern part of Solon Ocean plate and are tectonically linked to the North Margin continental-margin arc that formed on the Sino-Korean Craton.The arc is composed of the Carboniferous and Permian North Marginal Plutonic Belt of North China Platform.
The various terranes in the Solon collage were accreted to continental margins in the Permian to Triassic (290 to 203 Ma).
SM -South Mongolia-Khingan collage (Ordovician to Carboniferous; Timing of accretion -Late Carboniferous or Early Permian).Major unit in collage is the South Mongolia-Khingan arc and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes.
Collage consists mainly of extensive local Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, and Mississippian island arc and turbidite terranes and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes.Preserved in various fragments in the: (1) Neoproterozoic through Early Carboniferous Nora-Sukhotin-Duobaoshan island arc terrane; The South Mongolia-Khingan island arc was separated from the North Asian Craton by a large back-arc basin now represented in fragments contained in the: (1) Ordovician to Devonian Bayanleg subduction zone terrane; and (2) Devonian Mandah subduction zone terrane.The collages comprising the arcs were accreted to the southern margin of the Siberian continent in the Late Carboniferous or Early Permian (320 to 300 Ma).
WD -Wundurmiao collage (Mesoproterozoic to Silurian; Timing of accretion -Late Silurian).Consists of: (1) Late Ordovician to Silurian Laoling island arc terrane; (2) Mesoproterozoic to Middle Ordovician Wundurmiao subduction zone terrane; and (3) Neoproterozoic Seluohe subduction zone terrane.The collage consists of the Laoling island arc system that formed near Sino-Korean Craton that was widely separated from North Asian Craton in the Early Paleozoic.The collage intruded by granodiorite with a U-Pb age of 466 Ma and unconformably overlain by Silurian clastic rock.The collage was accreted to the Sino-Korean Craton in the Late Silurian (435-415 Ma) along a transform continental margin.
The timing of the accretion of the collage to the Siberian continent is constrained by an angular unconformity at the base of the Upper Silurian or Devonian units and by orogenic granitoid magmatism of Early Devonian or older (pre-Emsian) age (about 435-415 Ma).
WS -West Siberian collage (Ordovician to Carboniferous Timing of accretion -Late Carboniferous or Early Permian).Preserved in various fragments in Southwestern Siberia.Consists of the: (1) Late Silurian to Early Carboniferous Rudny Altai island arc terrane; and (2) the tectonicallylinked Ordovician to Early Carboniferous Kalba-Narim subduction zone terrane.The collage is a northwest continuation (present-day coordinates) of the South Mongolia-Khingan island arc.The collage extends under Cenozoic and Mesozoic cover of Southwestern Siberia.
YT -Yenisey-Transbaikal collage (Vendian to Devonian; Timing of accretion -Vendian to Early Ordovician).Consists of Vendian to Middle Cambrian Kuznetsk-Tannuola, Dzhida-Lake island arc terranes, tectonically-linked backarc basins, and tectonically eroded subduction zone terranes.The collage consists of a linear array of Vendian and Cambrian island arc systems that formed south (present-day coordinates) of the North Asian Craton and Margin and previously accreted terranes.
The collage is unconformably overlain by Ordovician-Silurian flysch and molasse and also contains local Early Ordovician metamorphic and granitoid complexes.Accretion of the collage to the Siberian continent occurred in the Late Cambrian to Early Ordovician (500 to 460 Ma) during counter-clockwise rotation of the Siberian continent that resulted in collision and duplexing of island arcs, and closure of the back-arc basins.As a result, most of the island arcs and tectonically-linked subduction zones ceased activity in Middle Cambrian.In Late Cambrian and Early Ordovician, collisional granitoid batholiths were emplaced and along with high-temperature metamorphic belts.
Kuznetsk-Tannuola island arc (Vendian to Middle Devonian).Preserved in various fragments in Southern Siberia and Mongolia in the: The subduction zone terranes were subducted beneath the Siberian continental margin and previously-accreted terranes, thereby resulting in formation of the Umlekan continental-margin arc that is composed of the Cretaceous Umlekan-Ogodzhin volcanic-plutonic belt.The collage was amalgamated and accreted to the Siberian continental margin during subsequent strike-slip emplacement of outboard terranes in the Early Cretaceous.The collage is unconformably overlain by the Late Albian and Late Cretaceous Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic-plutonic belt that forms a major continental-margin arc.
CH -Chukotka collage (Paleozoic to Triassic; Timing of accretion -Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous).Consists of passive continental-margin terranes that formed along the long-lived Neoproterozoic to Early Mesozoic North American Continental Margin.Major units are Paleozoic to Triassic continental shelf and slope sedimentary rock, Early Jurassic flysch, and unconformably overlying, flat-lying Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous sedimentary overlap units.The collage consists of various passive continental margin terranes that originally formed along the North American Craton Margin.The collage formed during rifting of the North American Craton Margin in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous and accretion of terranes to northern the North Asian Craton Margin in the Late Cretaceous.
EP -East Kamchatka Peninsula collage (mainly Paleocene; Timing of accretion -Pliocene).Consists of Coniacian-Paleocene island arc formations with ophiolite fragments that are preserved mainly in the: (1) Late Cretaceous to Paleocene Kronotskiy island arc terrane; and (2) mainly Cretaceous and Paleocene Kamchatskiy Mys oceanic terrane.The collage is a short-lived island arc and adjacent oceanic crust that were accreted to the Eastern Asia continental margin during closure of an inboard ocean in the Pliocene.The collage is unconformably overlain by flatlying Quaternary volcanic units.
ES (4) Triassic Velmay subduction zone terrane; and (5) West Pekulney island arc terrane.The subduction zone terranes were subducted beneath the margin of the Siberian continent margin and previously-accreted terranes to form the Uda-Murgal continental-margin arc and offshore extension into the Kony-Murgal island arc.The collage was formed in the Senomanian-Campanian following the closure of the outboard Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.The collage consists of the Uda-Murgal continental-margin and island arc and and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes.The collage is unconformably overlain by the Late Albian and Late Cretaceous Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic-plutonic belt (oc) that forms a major continental-margin arc.
SA -South Anyui collage (Permian to Early Jurassic; Timing of accretion -Late Cretaceous).Consists of Late Jurassic to Neocomian subduction zone terranes, and island and continental-margin arc terranes that rim the northeastern Kolyma-Omolon superterrane and Verkhoyansk-Kolyma collage.Preserved in fragments are the: (1) mainly Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous South Anyui subduction-zone terrane; (2) Triassic and Early Jurassic Velmay subduction-zone terrane; (3) Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Oloy and Late Jurassic Svyatov Nos volcanic belts along the northeast margin of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane; (4) and Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Nutesyn continental-margin arc terrane that formed on the margin of the Chukotka collage during the closure of the South Anyui Ocean; (5) Permian and Triassic Shalaurov subduction zone terrane.The collage consists of the Oloy island arc and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes.The collage was accreted onto the Siberian continent margin during closure of the South Anyui Ocean in the Early Late Cretaceous.The collage is unconformably overlain by the Late Albian and Late Cretaceous Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic-plutonic belt (oc) that forms a major continental-margin arc.
The collage is unconformably overlain by Maastrichtian, Eocene and Oligocene sedimentary and volcaniclastic rock.
The accretion of collage to the Russian Northeast continental margin occurred during closure of the inboard ocean and was followed by formation of the Okhotsk-Chukotka continental-margin arc and tectonically-linked outboard subduction zone.
SH -Sakhalin-Hokkaido collage (Cretaceous; Timing of accretion -Eocene).Consists of Late Cretaceous flysch terranes of Sakhalin and Hokkaido Islands, and tectonicallylinked subduction zone terranes to the east that contain fragments of ophiolite, glaucophane schist, Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous limestone with Tethyan reef corals and island arc terrane.Preserved in fragments are the: ( 1 gh -Gobi-Khankaisk-Daxing'anling arc (Permian, 295 to 250 Ma).
Occurs in Northern China, Mongolia, and Transbaikal Region and consists of Gobi-Khankaisk-Daxing'anling volcanic-plutonic belt that overlies and intrudes the Argun-Idermeg superterrane; the South Mongolian collage, and Solon Collage; volcanic and related sedimentary units composed of basalt, andesite, dacite, rhyolite, tuff, sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate, sandstone, and minor limestone; granitoid units composed of adamellite, granite, granodiorite, monzonite granite, quartz monzonite, quartz diorite, gneissic granite, and two-mica granite.The arc formed during subduction of the northern part of Solon Ocean plate under the southern margin (present-day coordinates) of the Argun-Idermeg superterrane.ha -Hangay arc (Late Carboniferous to Early Permian, 320 to 272 Ma).Occurs in Central Mongolia and consists of large-to medium-size multiphase intrusions composed of granodiorite, tonalite, plagioclase granite, and minor gabbrodiorite, diorite, quartz diorite, and plagioclase leucogranite.These intrude the Yenisey-Transbaikal collage and Mongol-Okhotsk collage.The arc formed during subduction of the northern part of Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean plate under the North Asian Craton Margin and previously-accreted terranes.
ko -Khingan-Okhotsk arc (Early and Mid-Cretaceous).Occurs in the Russian Southeast and consists of the Khingan-Okhotsk volcanic-plutonic belt that contains K-rich felsic volcanic rocks and coeval subvolcanic to plutonic granitioids.The arc was tectonically paired to the Early Cretaceous Zhuravlevsk-Amur River and Kiselevka-Manoma subduction-zone terranes, part of the Honshu-Sikhote-Alin collage.
lg -Lugyngol arc (Permian, 295 to 250 Ma).Occurs in Southeastern Mongolia and consists of Lugyngol volcanic and sedimentary basin composed of calk-alkalic andesite, dacite, rhyolite, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and extensive flysch.Unit overlies and intrudes the South Mongolian collage and Solon collage.The arc formed during subduction of the northern part of Solon Ocean plate under the southern margin (present-day coordinates) of the Argun-Idermeg superterrane.
ma -Main Granite Belt (Late Jurassic, 144 to 134 Ma).Occurs along adjacent margins of the North Asian Craton Margin and Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.Consists of Main amphibole-biotite granite, two mica granite, and granodiorite.The Granite Belt formed during and immediately after collision of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane onto the North-Asian Craton Margin.
nb -Northern Granite Belt (Early Cretaceous, 138 to 120 Ma).Occurs along northwestern margin of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.Consists of large, elongated plutons composed of quartz diorite, monzodiorite, and biotite granite, as well as amphibole-biotite granodiorite, biotite granite, and two-mica granite.The belt formed during subduction of oceanic crust during a closure of a small oceanic basin during late stage of accretion of Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.
nm -North Margin arc (Late Carboniferous to Permian, 320 to 272 Ma).Occurs in Northern China and consists of north marginal plutonic belt composed of calc-alkalic granodiorite, quartz monzonite, and granite.Unit intrudes northeastern margin (present-day coordinates) of Sino-Korean Craton.The arc formed during subduction of the southern nr -Norovlin arc (Devonian to Early Carboniferous).Occurs in Northern Mongolia and the Transbaikal region and consists of a continental-margin arc formed on the Argun-Idermeg superterrane (Amur microcontinent -Argunsky and Idermeg passive continental margin terranes).The arc is preserved in Early to Middle Devonian calc-alkaline volcanic rock and in Middle to Late Devonian volcaniclastic rock, chert, and mudstone, and coeval granitoids that overlie or intrude the superterrane, and in Devonian to Early Carboniferous volcanic-sedimentary rock fragments in the Ononsky subduction zone terrane.The arc formed during subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean plate beneath northern margin (present-day coordinates) of Argun-Idemeg superterrane (Amur microcontinent).
oc -Okhotsk-Chukotka arc (Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary, 96 to 53 Ma).Occurs along the margin of the Central and Northern Russian Far East and consists of Mid-and Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary volcanic and plutonic units in the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic-plutonic belt (oc) and the Penzhina sedimentary basin.The arc formed during subduction of the Ancestral Pacific Ocean plate with formation of West Kamchatka, Ekonay, and Yanranay subduction zone terranes.
ol -Oloy arc (Late Jurassic, 154 to 135 Ma).Occurs along the margin of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane and consists of Late Jurassic-Neocomian Oloy volcanic belt, Late Jurassic Svyatov Nos volcanic belt, and the Indigirka-Oloy sedimentary-volcanic-plutonic assemblage.The arc was an island arc that formed on Kolyma-Omolon superterrane during subduction of the South Anyui Ocean plate beneath superterrane and formation of South Anyui subduction-zone terrane.
se -Selenga arc (Permian to Jurassic, 295 to 135 Ma).Occurs in Mongolia and southern Transbaikal regions and consists of large volcanic fields and granite plutons.Volcanic rock composed of rhyolite, trachyrhyolite, dacite, trachydacite, andesite basalt, trachybasalt, and andesite flows, and pyroclastic rocks, and local non-marine sedimentary rocks.Granite plutons composed of granodiorite, granite, granosyenite, and subordinate monzonite, diorite, and gabbrodiorite, REE granite, and leucogranite.Unit overlies and intrudes Yenisey-Transbaikal collage and Tuva-Mongolia superterrane.The arc formed during oblique subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean plate under the North Asian Craton Margin and previously-accreted terranes.
sm -South Mongolian arc (Middle Carboniferous through Triassic, 320 to 203 Ma).Occurs in Southern Mongolia and consists of South Mongolian volcanic-plutonic belt composed of calc-alkalic basalt, andesite, basaltic andesite, dacite, and rhyolite, and interbedded tuff and tuffaceous sandstone, granodiorite, granite, and leucogranite.Unit overlies and intrudes South Mongolian collage and Atasbogd collage.The arc formed during subduction of northern part of Solon ocean under the Argun-Idermeg superterrane.
sv -South Verkhoyansk Granite Belt (Late Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous, 157 to 93 Ma).Occurs in the Central Russian Far East.Extends longitudinally along the central part of the South Verkhoyansk synclinorium in the Verkoyansk (North Asian) Craton Margin.Occurs as batholiths, smaller granitoid plutons, and dikes.Compositions include amphibole-biotite quartz diorite and granodiorite, adamellite, amphibole-biotite granite, local melanocratic syenodiorite, and local dikes of plagiogranite and granite aplite, leucocratic biotite granite, and pegmatite lamprophyre.Granitoids are mainly high-K calc-alkaline series, subaluminous, and highly ferruginous.The Granite Belt formed during the accretion of the outboard Okhotsk terrane.
tv -Transverse Granite Belt (Early Cretaceous, 134 to 124 Ma).Consists of several belts of granitic rocks that extend up to a few hundred km and radiate outwards from the southwestern bend of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.The belts taper out to the southwest and north and consists of fracture-related plutons and dikes swarms composed mainly of diorite, granodiorite, and granite.The belts crosscut, at high angle, older folds and faults of the Verkhoyansk (North Asian) Craton Margin.The belt formed during the late-stage of accretion of Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.
uo -Umlekan-Ogodzhin arc (Jurassic and Cretaceous, 135 to 65 Ma).Occurs along the margin of the Kolyma-Omkolon superterrane and consists of Umlekan-Ogodzhin volcanicplutonic belt and coeval Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous granitic plutons.Tectonically linked to the Badzhal and Nadanhada subduction-zone terranes, part of the Badzhal collage.
us -Uda-Murgal and Stanovoy arcs (Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, 203 to 96 Ma).Occurs in central part of the Russian Far East and consists of Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and lesser Late Triassic to Middle Jurassic igneous-rock preserved in the Uda volcanic-plutonic belt, the Uniya-Bom turbidite-basin terrane, the Umlekan-Ogodzhin volcanic-plutonic belt, the Upper Amur sedimentary assemblage, and the Stanovoy Granite Belt.The arc intrudes and overlies southern margin of the North Asian Craton.The arc formed during subduction of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean plate and formation of the Tukuringra-Dzhagdi subductionzone, Galam subduction zone, and Ulban subduction zone terranes.
uy -Uyandina-Yasachnaya arc (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, 154 to 120 Ma).Occurs along the southern margin of the Kolyma-Omkolon superterrane and consists of the Uyandina-Yasachnaya volcanic belt, Zyryanka sedimentary basin, the small Ainakhkurgen, Umkuveem, and Upper Penzhina basins, and the North Omolon basin that form part of the Indigirka-Oloy sedimentary-volcanic-plutonic assemblage.The arc formed during subduction the Oimyakon Ocean plate between the North Asian Craton Margin and the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.Remnants of oceanic crust are preserved in small obducted ophiolites along the margin of superterrane.ss -South Siberian arc (Early Devonian, 415 to 400 Ma).Occurs in Eastern Altai-Sayan region and consists of South Siberian volcanic-plutonic belt, involving volcanic rocks composed of bimodal mafic and siliceous volcanic rock including andesite, olivine basalt, trachybasalt, essexite, phonolite, alkaline trachite, trachyandesite, and trachyrhyolite.Plutonic rocks are composed of subalkaline to alkaline gabbro to granite, alkaline-syenite, granosyenite, leucogranite, and latite-bearing subalkaline gabbro, monzonite, and syenogranite.The arc formed along the southern margin of the North Asian Craton and Craton Margin during Early Devonian rifting that successively evolved into a continentalmargin transpressive-fault margin and into a convergent margin.

Fig. 2a .
Figure 2 -Map Fig.2a.Northeast Asia summary geodynamics map.Map is derived from: (1) a generalized Northeast Asia geodynamics map at 10 million scale(Parfenov et al., 2004); (2) a more detailed Northeast Asia geodynamics map at 5 million scale(Parfenov et al., 2003); and (3) the western part of a Circum-North Pacific tectono-stratigraphic terrane map at 10 million scale(Nokleberg et al., 1997).Map shows locations major geologic and tectonic units including cratons, craton margins; cratonal terranes and superterranes; tectonic collages; overlap and transform continental-margin arcs; island arcs, and sea and ocean units.(a) Map.(b) Explanation.Refer to Appendix for descriptions of map units.
L. M. Parfenov et al.: Summary of Northeast Asia geodynamics and tectonics L. M. Parfenov et al.: Summary of Northeast Asia geodynamics and tectonics A2 Cratons NAC -North Asian Craton (Archean and Proterozoic).Consists of Archean and Proterozoic metamorphic basement, and non-deformed, flat-laying platform cover consisting of Late Precambrian, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic sedimentary and volcanic rock.Cover locally ranges up to 14 000 m thick.Metamorphic basement exposed in the Aldan-Stanovoy and Anabar shields located near southern and northern craton margins, respectively.Along the southwestern margin of the craton is a narrow band of basement rocks named the Near-Sayan Uplift.Within the Aldan-Stanovoy and Anabar shields and the Near-Sayan Uplift are several terranes composed of Early Precambrian crystalline rocks of varying composition and structural style.Four sequences comprise the platform cover: (1) Vendian and Early Paleozoic; (2) Middle Paleozoic;(3) Late Paleozoic; and (4) Mesozoic.Each stage is characterized by a unique structural style and unique suite of sedimentary and magmatic rocks.The sequences are separated from each other by regional discontinuities and unconformities that are related to major tectonic events.SKC -Sino-Korean Craton (Archean and Proterozoic).Consists of several major terranes and younger overlap units in Northern China and in the northern Korean Peninsula.The Archean and Proterozoic metamorphic basement is composed of various major terranes and first overlap units: (1) Paleoproterozoic Alashan granuliteparagneiss terrane in Northwestern China; (2) Archean Erduosi Granulite-paragneiss terrane in North-Central China;(3) Archean Yinshan granite-greenstone terrane and first overlapped Zhangbei-Bayan Obo-Langshan metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks (Paleo-Mesoproterozoic) in North-Central China; (4) Archean Jilin-Liaoning-East Shandong tonalite-trondhjemite-gneiss terrane and overlapped, metamorphosed and deformed rocks of East Shandong-East Liaoning-East Jilin rift or foreland basin (Paleoproterozoic) in Northeastern China; (5) Archean West Liaoning-Hebei-Shanxi granulite-orthogneiss terrane and overlapped, metamorphosed and deformed rocks of Hutuo rift basin (Paleoproterozoic) in Northern China; (6) Archean to Paleoproterozoic Machollyong granulite-paragneiss terrane in Northern Korean Peninsula; and (7) Archean Rangnim granuliteparagneiss terrane in Northern Korean Peninsula.Overlap units are extensive Proterozoic and Paleozoic continentalmargin sedimentary rock and lesser volcanic rock; and extensive Mesozoic and Cenozoic marine and terriginous sedimentary rock units, and volcanic and plutonic arc rock units.
) Middle Triassic to Early Late Cretaceous Aniva subduction zone terrane; (2) Jurassic to Paleogene Sosunay-Langeri subduction zone terrane; (3) Early Cretaceous to Miocene Shimanto subduction zone terrane; (4) Late Cretaceous through Paleogene Nabilsky subduction zone terrane; and (5) Late Jurassic through Late Cretaceous Kamyshovy island arc terrane.The terranes were subducted beneath the Eastern Asia continental margin resulting in the formation of the East-Sikhote-Alin continental-margin arc composed of the: (1) Late Cretaceous to Miocene East Sikhote-Alin volcanic-plutonic belt; and (2) Early Cretaceous West Sakhalin turbidite basin terrane.The collage was a continental-margin fore-arc basin and tectonically-linked subduction zone terranes associated with the East Sikhote-Alin continental-margin arc.Accretion of the collage to the Russian Southeast continental margin occurred during closure of the inboard ocean and was followed by formation of outboard modern-day continentalmargin arcs in Russian Northeast, Kurile Islands, and Japan and tectonically-linked outboard subduction zone.VK -Verkhoyansk-Kolyma collage (Late Paleozoic to Early Jurassic; Timing of accretion -Late Jurassic to Early Early Cretaceous).Consists of: (1) Permian, Triassic, and Early Jurassic Kular-Nera passive continental margin terrane (KN) that formed between the North Asian Craton Margin and the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane to the east in the Russian Northeast; The rocks of the terrane are distal formations of the Verkhoyansk passive continental margin; (2) Mid-Late Jurassic Polousny-Debin subduction zone terrane; (3) Carboniferous to Jurassic Viliga passive continental-margin terrane; (4) Debin ophiolite terrane; and (5) Late Neoproterozoic through Late Triassic Kotel'nyi passive continental margin terrane.Part of Kular-Nera terrane was subducted beneath the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane in the Late Jurassic resulting in formation of the Late Jurassic Uyandina-Yasachnaya island arc along the southern margin of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.Ophiolite terranes (Garbyn'ya, Indigirka, Kybytygas, Munilkan, and Uyhandina) derived from the collapsing ocean basin were obducted onto the superterrane.The Polousny-Debin subduction zone formed during subduction of the Oimyakon oceanic crust beneath the southern margin of the Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.Consists of a deformed passive continental margin, accreted ophiolites, and subduction zone and formed during accretion of outboard Kolyma-Omolon superterrane.WK -West Kamchatka collage (Mid-Cretaceous to Early Tertiary; Timing of accretion -Early Cenozoic).Consists of Late Paleozoic to Cretaceous subduction zone terranes in the Russian Northeast in the: (1) Jurassic and Cretaceous West Kamchatka subduction zone terrane; (2) Late Jurassic and Cretaceous Yanranay subduction zone terrane; and (3) Jurassic Ekonay subduction zone terrane.The collage is tectonically linked to Okhotsk-Chukotka continental-margin arc (Mid-Cretaceous to Early Tertiary, 96-50 Ma) that consists of the: (1) Mid-Cretaceous to Early Tertiary Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanic-plutonic belt; and (2) Albian and Late Cretaceous Penzhina sedimentary basin.The collage was accreted to the Eastern Asian continental margin during outboard accretion of the Olyutoka-Kamchatka island arc.A8 Overlapping continental-margin arcs -Devonian to Early Tertiary at -Altay arc (Devonian and Early Carboniferous, 381 to 290 Ma).Occurs in Southwestern Siberia, Northwestern Mongolia, and Western Northern China.It consists of an extensive suite of mafic and intermediate, and local siliceous volcanic rock, mafic and intermediate intrusive rock, and associated sedimentary rock; stratified units deposited under continental to marine conditions; igneous rocks range from calc-alkaline to subalkaline to alkaline.The arc formed along an active continental margin in an oblique subduction zone environment.ea -East Sikhote-Alin arc (Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary, 96 to 55 Ma).Occurs along the margin of the Southern Russian Far East and consists of Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary volcanic and plutonic rocks in the East Sikhote-Alin and West Sakhalin turbidite-basin terranes.The arc formed during subduction of the Ancestral Pacific Ocean plate with formation of the older part of the Hidaka subduction zone, the younger part of the Aniva subduction-zone terrane, and the Nabilsky, and Tokoro subduction-zone terranes.
L. M. Parfenov et al.: Summary of Northeast Asia geodynamics and tectonics part of Solon Ocean plate under the northeastern margin (present-day coordinates) of Sino-Korean Craton.

A9
Transpressional arcs -Devonian to Early Cretaceousmt -Mongol-Transbaikal arc (Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous, 230 to 96 Ma).Occurs in Northern Mongolia and southern Transbaikal regions.Preserved in the Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous Mongol-Transbaikal region volcanic-plutonic belt (mt) that consists of volcanic rocks in separate major basins and composed of trachyandesite, dacite, and trachyrhyolite flows, stocks, necks, and extrusive domes.The Mongol-Transbaikal arc also includes coeval granite plutons composed of grandiorite, alkaline gabbrogranite, granite, leucogranite, and Lithiumn-Fluorine rich granite.The arc formed during strike-slip faulting and rifting along the Mongol-Okhotsk fault during and after the final closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.The arc is also referred to as North Gobi arc.

A10
Active continental-margin arcs -Miocene to Presentib -Izu-Bonin arc (Miocene through Present, 20 to 0 Ma).Occurs in the south of Southern Japan and consists of a volcanic arc composed chiefly of basalt to rhyolite, associated volcaniclastic rocks, and intercalated hemipelagic mudstone.The arc formed during subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate with formation of Nankai subduction zone.ja -Japan arc (Miocene through Present, 23 to 0 Ma).Occurs along the Japanese Islands and consists of extensive Quaternary volcanic rock formed during subduction of the Pacific and Philippine Sea Plates.Also contains associated volcanogenic forearc and back arc sedimentary basins.Volcanic rocks are mainly calc-alkaline basalt and andesite.Belt includes 83 active volcanoes and overlies all Japan terranes.The arc formed during subduction of the Pacific Ocean and Philippine Sea Plates with formaton of Japan Trench and Nankai subduction zones.kk -Kuril-Kamchatka arc (Miocene through Present, 11 to 0 Ma).Occurs along Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands and consists of the Pliocene to Quaternary Central Kamchatka volcanic belt, Central Kamchatka volcanic and sedimentary basin, and the East Kamchatka volcanic belt.The arc formed during subduction of the Pacific Ocean Plate with formation of the Japan Trench subduction zone.

Table 1 .
Jones et al. (1983), Howellr the regional geologic and tectonic analysis of Northeast Asia.Adapted fromJones et al. (1983), Howell sandstone, shale, and conglomerate, and Late Devonian rhyolite, ignimbrite, andesite, dacite, and tuff that are interlayered with nonmarine sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate.Overlying units are Carboniferous to Late Jurassic nonmarine and rare marine clastic rock.The terrane is interpreted as a fragment of the North Asian Craton and Craton margin that was rifted in the Late Devonian or Early Carboniferous and accreted to the Eastern Asia continental margin in the Late Jurassic.
-East Sakhalin collage (Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary; Timing of accretion -Early Tertiary).Consists of Late Cretaceous to Middle Eocene island arc and tectonicallylinked subduction zone terranes in fragments in the: (1) Late Cretaceous Terpeniy island arc terrane; (2) Late Cretaceous to Middle Eocene Tokoro-Nemuro island arc terrane; (3) Late Jurassic through Late Cretaceous Shmidt island arc terrane; (4) Early Cretaceous to Miocene Shimanto subduction zone terrane; and (5) probable subduction zone terranes delineated by linear positive magnetic anomalies to the east of Sakhalin Island.Accretion of the island arc to the Eastern Asia continental margin occurred during closure of an inboard ocean and resulted in formation of collision-related granitoids at about 40 Ma.L. M. Parfenov et al.: Summary of Northeast Asia geodynamics and tectonics in fragments in the: (1) Late Early Cretaceous to Paleocene Olyutorka-Kamchatka island arc terrane; (2) Late Cretaceous Iruneiskiy island arc terrane; and (3) Late Cretaceous to Oligocene Vetlovskiy subduction zone terrane.The collage is unconformably overlain by Late Eocene, Oligocene, and Miocene sedimentary units.The collage was accreted to the